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schism of 1552
The Schism of 1552 was an important event in the history of the Church of the East. It divided the church into two factions, of which one entered into communion with Rome becoming part of the Catholic Church and the other remained independent. The modern Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, both of which trace their descent to the old Church of the East, emerged as a result of this schism. The circumstances of the schism were controversial at the time and have been disputed ever since.
== Summary of events ==
Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shemon IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which tended to result in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East.〔Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 19〕 The patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) caused great offence at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Hnanishoʿ as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Hnanishoʿ had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch Eliya VII (1558–91). Besides making these two provocative appointments, he was also accused by his opponents of permitting concubinage, selling clerical posts and living intemperately. By 1552 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb had become so unpopular that his opponents rebelled against his authority. The rebels, principally from the Amid, Seert and Salmas districts, elected as patriarch a monk named Sulaqa, the superior of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd near Alqosh. Unfortunately, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa’s supporters to legitimise their position by seeking their candidate’s consecration by Pope Julius III (1550–5).〔Habbi, 99-132 and 199-230; Wilmshurst, 21–2〕
Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in Mosul, which set out his claims to be recognised as patriarch. On 9 April 1553, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On 28 April he was recognised as "patriarch of Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull ''Divina disponente clementia'' and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the Chaldean Catholic Church, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East.〔Habbi, 99-132 and 199-230; Wilmshurst, 21–2〕
Sulaqa returned to Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Turkish authorities recognising him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of Gazarta, Hesna d'Kifa, Amid, Mardin and Seert). Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of Amadiya, who invited Sulaqa to ʿAmadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.〔Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 22〕
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